we are not sub species Essay Example

we are not sub species Essay Example we are not sub species Essay we are not sub species Essay Essay Topic: Hilarious Candidates name: Ahlam Abdisalam Candidate number: 0004 Topic: We are not sub species Question: Teenagers deserve more respect than what they are given, Write an article expressing your views on the above statement? Date: 3/12/2013 Deference to teenagers The meaning of the word teenager is losing its touch with stereotypical Judgments made by adults mostly. The word teenager can be defined as someone who is in the ages thirteen to nineteen, not for someone to be going under any emotional traumas or identity crisis. By this hackneyed statement, teenagers feel as if they are sub pecies when they are Just on the step to adult hood I am appalled by the mentality of some that teenagers are all the same, wild people, if true then I guess its safe to say that adults are the same too? Im committed to making teenagers feel good about themselves and not that they are all alike, giving them a reason to do awful things. As the president of a local youth club, I feel its my duty. I consent completely with Lois McNay, the writer of the article Sub Species, a truthful piece of writing in my view, which gives Justice to teens. At the beginning of her piece she divulges that she doesnt seem to be undergoing any emotional traumas or identity crisis and that she might be letting somebody down. Here she is mocking those who stereotype teenagers to be depressing humans. Putting a label on all teenagers to having identity crisis or emotional traumas is meaningless. There is no evidence confirming this As a matter of fact it seems that adults derive most of their knowledge of teenagers from social media that portray spoilt teenagers, thus they end up confusing fiction with nonfiction. Even supposing that people have identity crisis it doesnt always concern adolescents, it includes adults too. Also emotional traumas are made by children to so why are they always restricting the problems to teens only? Most Judgments made by adults concerning teens are dominated by unfairness. Its hilarious how they assume they are experts about adolescents when they arent. She then moves on to a short story. In summary, one day an insurance man visited her six forms treating all the 18 year olds like complete morons. He asked hem what do we find under roads knowing the answer to be pipelines they responded by saying worms, moles and dead insurance men. She follows by saying if you treat people like idiots they act like idiots. This shows that the disrespect towards teenagers is so popular, everyone expects it. Besides, if all teenagers were to have emotional traumas wouldnt they have reacted to the disrespect towards them? They were mature enough to reply in a mature manner and give him a taste of his own medicine. Later on in the article she says that for many adults there is no uch thing as a teenager who doesnt like discos out of all accusations made by judgmental adults, this angers me most. I work with nothing but youths meaning I have more knowledge about the youth. Many of my club members enjoy being with friends playing games, dancing and gossiping indoors! Im not saying that there are no teenagers who like discos, no. Im simply saying, the same way that some adults at them only? If anyone is to go out discoing its entitled to the teenagers not to adults with so many responsibilities like my own. Recently, near my hometown a fire utbreak was caused by a mother leaving her children at home to go out clubbing. But her kids had been locked in when a fire had started. They then have the audacity to call adolescents irresponsible. Plus, most teenagers arent allowed to enter clubs and discos because of their age, but adults are, so the probability of teenagers discoing varies. Furthermore McNay shows her compassion to adolescents when she declares that some adults patronize teenagers because they are envious of their youth and because the respect they dont get from their peers they demand from heir Juniors I strongly agree with this point as to the fact that back in the days when present adults were teenagers they didnt have all the advantages that the at hand teenagers have now. Clubs, technology, parties, the lot! The difference is tremendous. This in my opinion is the root to all false and Judgmental allegations towards young adolescents. Some adults seem to be so in need for the utmost respect and because they dont gain any respect from their peers they demand it from their Juniors. Not every teenager will be willing to give you the supreme respect, ut adults dont seem to understand that not everyone is the same meaning you shouldnt staple all teenagers with the same sticker. McNay expresses the label given to teenagers about their personalities when she says Unfortunately teenager has come to connote things like selfishness, irresponsibility, and arrogance how can you stereo type such a large group of people to have these aspects? From my observation I have detected that the adolescents attending my youth club arent the slightest bit selfish! If one of them gets into trouble, they all take fault so that specific erson isnt alone; I call that sacrifice not selfishness. And for irresponsibility, many adults claim youngsters as irresponsible because they simply dont have as much of duties in comparison to adults so they enw that and choose to call them irresponsible. The adults that stereotype the youngsters feel as if they are superior over teens, isnt that a sense of the arrogance they use to describe the vulnerable among us? I contradict with McNays point that the word teenager should be abolished, but I plainly want the definition of the word teenager to have its real eaning, to be in the ages thirteen to nineteen because as she says a lot of people would stop making money like stylists or designers as the fashion icon in this century is the mistreated teenagers. Dont they deserve not to be Judged so harshly and to have a little more respect? I feel as if the present teens are being targeted on. Yes, they make mistakes Just the way every other human does, with the purpose of learning from them. The saying dont Judge a book by its cover fits perfectly in this situation.

we are not sub species Essay Example

we are not sub species Essay Example we are not sub species Essay we are not sub species Essay Essay Topic: Hilarious Candidates name: Ahlam Abdisalam Candidate number: 0004 Topic: We are not sub species Question: Teenagers deserve more respect than what they are given, Write an article expressing your views on the above statement? Date: 3/12/2013 Deference to teenagers The meaning of the word teenager is losing its touch with stereotypical Judgments made by adults mostly. The word teenager can be defined as someone who is in the ages thirteen to nineteen, not for someone to be going under any emotional traumas or identity crisis. By this hackneyed statement, teenagers feel as if they are sub pecies when they are Just on the step to adult hood I am appalled by the mentality of some that teenagers are all the same, wild people, if true then I guess its safe to say that adults are the same too? Im committed to making teenagers feel good about themselves and not that they are all alike, giving them a reason to do awful things. As the president of a local youth club, I feel its my duty. I consent completely with Lois McNay, the writer of the article Sub Species, a truthful piece of writing in my view, which gives Justice to teens. At the beginning of her piece she divulges that she doesnt seem to be undergoing any emotional traumas or identity crisis and that she might be letting somebody down. Here she is mocking those who stereotype teenagers to be depressing humans. Putting a label on all teenagers to having identity crisis or emotional traumas is meaningless. There is no evidence confirming this As a matter of fact it seems that adults derive most of their knowledge of teenagers from social media that portray spoilt teenagers, thus they end up confusing fiction with nonfiction. Even supposing that people have identity crisis it doesnt always concern adolescents, it includes adults too. Also emotional traumas are made by children to so why are they always restricting the problems to teens only? Most Judgments made by adults concerning teens are dominated by unfairness. Its hilarious how they assume they are experts about adolescents when they arent. She then moves on to a short story. In summary, one day an insurance man visited her six forms treating all the 18 year olds like complete morons. He asked hem what do we find under roads knowing the answer to be pipelines they responded by saying worms, moles and dead insurance men. She follows by saying if you treat people like idiots they act like idiots. This shows that the disrespect towards teenagers is so popular, everyone expects it. Besides, if all teenagers were to have emotional traumas wouldnt they have reacted to the disrespect towards them? They were mature enough to reply in a mature manner and give him a taste of his own medicine. Later on in the article she says that for many adults there is no uch thing as a teenager who doesnt like discos out of all accusations made by judgmental adults, this angers me most. I work with nothing but youths meaning I have more knowledge about the youth. Many of my club members enjoy being with friends playing games, dancing and gossiping indoors! Im not saying that there are no teenagers who like discos, no. Im simply saying, the same way that some adults at them only? If anyone is to go out discoing its entitled to the teenagers not to adults with so many responsibilities like my own. Recently, near my hometown a fire utbreak was caused by a mother leaving her children at home to go out clubbing. But her kids had been locked in when a fire had started. They then have the audacity to call adolescents irresponsible. Plus, most teenagers arent allowed to enter clubs and discos because of their age, but adults are, so the probability of teenagers discoing varies. Furthermore McNay shows her compassion to adolescents when she declares that some adults patronize teenagers because they are envious of their youth and because the respect they dont get from their peers they demand from heir Juniors I strongly agree with this point as to the fact that back in the days when present adults were teenagers they didnt have all the advantages that the at hand teenagers have now. Clubs, technology, parties, the lot! The difference is tremendous. This in my opinion is the root to all false and Judgmental allegations towards young adolescents. Some adults seem to be so in need for the utmost respect and because they dont gain any respect from their peers they demand it from their Juniors. Not every teenager will be willing to give you the supreme respect, ut adults dont seem to understand that not everyone is the same meaning you shouldnt staple all teenagers with the same sticker. McNay expresses the label given to teenagers about their personalities when she says Unfortunately teenager has come to connote things like selfishness, irresponsibility, and arrogance how can you stereo type such a large group of people to have these aspects? From my observation I have detected that the adolescents attending my youth club arent the slightest bit selfish! If one of them gets into trouble, they all take fault so that specific erson isnt alone; I call that sacrifice not selfishness. And for irresponsibility, many adults claim youngsters as irresponsible because they simply dont have as much of duties in comparison to adults so they enw that and choose to call them irresponsible. The adults that stereotype the youngsters feel as if they are superior over teens, isnt that a sense of the arrogance they use to describe the vulnerable among us? I contradict with McNays point that the word teenager should be abolished, but I plainly want the definition of the word teenager to have its real eaning, to be in the ages thirteen to nineteen because as she says a lot of people would stop making money like stylists or designers as the fashion icon in this century is the mistreated teenagers. Dont they deserve not to be Judged so harshly and to have a little more respect? I feel as if the present teens are being targeted on. Yes, they make mistakes Just the way every other human does, with the purpose of learning from them. The saying dont Judge a book by its cover fits perfectly in this situation.

we are not sub species Essay Example

we are not sub species Essay Example we are not sub species Essay we are not sub species Essay Essay Topic: Hilarious Candidates name: Ahlam Abdisalam Candidate number: 0004 Topic: We are not sub species Question: Teenagers deserve more respect than what they are given, Write an article expressing your views on the above statement? Date: 3/12/2013 Deference to teenagers The meaning of the word teenager is losing its touch with stereotypical Judgments made by adults mostly. The word teenager can be defined as someone who is in the ages thirteen to nineteen, not for someone to be going under any emotional traumas or identity crisis. By this hackneyed statement, teenagers feel as if they are sub pecies when they are Just on the step to adult hood I am appalled by the mentality of some that teenagers are all the same, wild people, if true then I guess its safe to say that adults are the same too? Im committed to making teenagers feel good about themselves and not that they are all alike, giving them a reason to do awful things. As the president of a local youth club, I feel its my duty. I consent completely with Lois McNay, the writer of the article Sub Species, a truthful piece of writing in my view, which gives Justice to teens. At the beginning of her piece she divulges that she doesnt seem to be undergoing any emotional traumas or identity crisis and that she might be letting somebody down. Here she is mocking those who stereotype teenagers to be depressing humans. Putting a label on all teenagers to having identity crisis or emotional traumas is meaningless. There is no evidence confirming this As a matter of fact it seems that adults derive most of their knowledge of teenagers from social media that portray spoilt teenagers, thus they end up confusing fiction with nonfiction. Even supposing that people have identity crisis it doesnt always concern adolescents, it includes adults too. Also emotional traumas are made by children to so why are they always restricting the problems to teens only? Most Judgments made by adults concerning teens are dominated by unfairness. Its hilarious how they assume they are experts about adolescents when they arent. She then moves on to a short story. In summary, one day an insurance man visited her six forms treating all the 18 year olds like complete morons. He asked hem what do we find under roads knowing the answer to be pipelines they responded by saying worms, moles and dead insurance men. She follows by saying if you treat people like idiots they act like idiots. This shows that the disrespect towards teenagers is so popular, everyone expects it. Besides, if all teenagers were to have emotional traumas wouldnt they have reacted to the disrespect towards them? They were mature enough to reply in a mature manner and give him a taste of his own medicine. Later on in the article she says that for many adults there is no uch thing as a teenager who doesnt like discos out of all accusations made by judgmental adults, this angers me most. I work with nothing but youths meaning I have more knowledge about the youth. Many of my club members enjoy being with friends playing games, dancing and gossiping indoors! Im not saying that there are no teenagers who like discos, no. Im simply saying, the same way that some adults at them only? If anyone is to go out discoing its entitled to the teenagers not to adults with so many responsibilities like my own. Recently, near my hometown a fire utbreak was caused by a mother leaving her children at home to go out clubbing. But her kids had been locked in when a fire had started. They then have the audacity to call adolescents irresponsible. Plus, most teenagers arent allowed to enter clubs and discos because of their age, but adults are, so the probability of teenagers discoing varies. Furthermore McNay shows her compassion to adolescents when she declares that some adults patronize teenagers because they are envious of their youth and because the respect they dont get from their peers they demand from heir Juniors I strongly agree with this point as to the fact that back in the days when present adults were teenagers they didnt have all the advantages that the at hand teenagers have now. Clubs, technology, parties, the lot! The difference is tremendous. This in my opinion is the root to all false and Judgmental allegations towards young adolescents. Some adults seem to be so in need for the utmost respect and because they dont gain any respect from their peers they demand it from their Juniors. Not every teenager will be willing to give you the supreme respect, ut adults dont seem to understand that not everyone is the same meaning you shouldnt staple all teenagers with the same sticker. McNay expresses the label given to teenagers about their personalities when she says Unfortunately teenager has come to connote things like selfishness, irresponsibility, and arrogance how can you stereo type such a large group of people to have these aspects? From my observation I have detected that the adolescents attending my youth club arent the slightest bit selfish! If one of them gets into trouble, they all take fault so that specific erson isnt alone; I call that sacrifice not selfishness. And for irresponsibility, many adults claim youngsters as irresponsible because they simply dont have as much of duties in comparison to adults so they enw that and choose to call them irresponsible. The adults that stereotype the youngsters feel as if they are superior over teens, isnt that a sense of the arrogance they use to describe the vulnerable among us? I contradict with McNays point that the word teenager should be abolished, but I plainly want the definition of the word teenager to have its real eaning, to be in the ages thirteen to nineteen because as she says a lot of people would stop making money like stylists or designers as the fashion icon in this century is the mistreated teenagers. Dont they deserve not to be Judged so harshly and to have a little more respect? I feel as if the present teens are being targeted on. Yes, they make mistakes Just the way every other human does, with the purpose of learning from them. The saying dont Judge a book by its cover fits perfectly in this situation.

Polands Count Casimir Pulaski and His Role in the American Revolution

Polands Count Casimir Pulaski and His Role in the American Revolution Count Casimir Pulaski was a noted Polish cavalry commander who saw action during conflicts in Poland and later served in the American Revolution. Early Life Born March 6, 1745, in  Warsaw, Poland, Casimir Pulaski was the son of Jozef and Marianna Pulaski. Schooled locally, Pulaski attended the college of Theatines in Warsaw but did not complete his education. The Advocatus of the Crown Tribunal and the Starosta of Warka, Pulaskis father was a man of influence and was able to obtain for his son the position of page to Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony, Duke of Courland in 1762. Living in the dukes household in Mitau, Pulaski and the remainder of the court were effectively kept captive by the Russians who held hegemony over the region. Returning home the following year, he received the title of starost of ZezuliÅ„ce. In 1764, Pulaski and his family supported the election of StanisÅ‚aw August Poniatowski as King and Grand Duke of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. War of the Bar Confederation By late 1767, the Pulaskis had become dissatisfied with Poniatowski who proved unable to curb Russian influence in the Commonwealth. Feeling that their rights were being threatened, they joined with other nobles in early 1768 and formed a confederation against the government. Meeting at Bar, Podolia, they formed the Bar Confederation and began military operations. Appointed as a cavalry commander, Pulaski began agitating among government forces and was able to secure some defections. On April 20, he won his first battle when he clashed with the enemy near PohoreÅ‚e and achieved another triumph at Starokostiantyniv three days later. Despite these initial successes, he was beaten on April 28 at Kaczanà ³wka.  Moving to Chmielnik in May, Pulaski garrisoned the town but was later compelled to withdraw when reinforcements for his command were beaten. On June 16, Pulaski was captured after attempting to hold the monastery in Berdyczà ³w. Taken by the Russians, they freed him on June 28 after forcing him to pledge that he would not play any further role in the war and that he would work to end the conflict. Returning to the Confederations army, Pulaski promptly renounced the pledge stating that it had been made under duress and therefore was not binding. Despite this, the fact that he had made the pledge reduced his popularity and led some to question whether he should be court-martialed. Resuming active duty in September 1768, he was able to escape the siege of Okopy Ã…Å¡wiÄ™tej Trà ³jcy early the following year. As 1768 progressed, Pulaski conducted a campaign in Lithuania in the hopes of inciting a larger rebellion against the Russians. Though these efforts proved ineffective, he succeeded in bringing 4,000 recruits back for the Confederation. Over the next year, Pulaski developed a reputation as one of the Confederations best field commanders. Continuing to campaign, he suffered a defeat at the Battle of Wlodawa on Sept. 15, 1769, and fell back to  Podkarpacie to rest and refit his men. As a result of his achievements, Pulaski received an appointment to the War Council in March 1771. Despite his skill, he proved difficult to work with and often preferred to operate independently rather than in concert with his allies. That fall, the Confederation commenced a plan to kidnap the king. Though initially resistant, Pulaski later agreed to the plan on the condition that Poniatowski was not harmed. Fall from Power Moving forward, the plot failed and those involved were discredited and the Confederation saw its international reputation damaged. Increasingly distancing himself from his allies, Pulaski spent the winter and spring of 1772 operating around CzÄ™stochowa. In May, he departed the Commonwealth and traveled to Silesia. While in Prussian territory, the Bar Confederation was finally defeated. Tried in absentia, Pulaski was later stripped of his titles and sentenced to death should he ever return to Poland. Seeking employment, he unsuccessfully attempted to obtain a commission in the French Army and later sought to create a Confederation unit during the Russo-Turkish War. Arriving in the Ottoman Empire, Pulaski made little progress before the Turks were defeated. Forced to flee, he departed for Marseilles.   Crossing the Mediterranean, Pulaski arrived in France where he was imprisoned for debts in 1775. After six weeks in prison, his friends secured his release. Coming to America In late summer 1776, Pulaski wrote to the leadership Poland and asked to be allowed to return home. Not receiving a reply, he began to discuss the possibility of serving in the American Revolution with his friend Claude-Carloman de Rulhià ¨re. Connected to the Marquis de Lafayette and Benjamin Franklin, Rulhià ¨re was able to arrange a meeting. This gathering went well and Franklin was highly impressed with the Polish cavalryman. As a result, the American envoy recommended Pulaski to General George Washington and provided a letter of introduction stating that the count was renowned throughout Europe for the courage and bravery he displayed in defense of his countrys freedom. Traveling to Nantes, Pulaski embarked aboard Massachusetts and sailed for America. Arriving at Marblehead, MA on July 23, 1777, he wrote to Washington and informed the American commander that I came here, where freedom is being defended, to serve it, and to live or die for it. Joining the Continental Army Riding south, Pulaski met Washington at the armys headquarters at Neshaminy Falls just north of Philadelphia, PA. Demonstrating his riding ability, he also argued the merits of a strong cavalry wing for the army. Though impressed, Washington lacked the power to give the Pole a commission and a result, Pulaski was forced to spend the next several weeks communicating with the Continental Congress as he worked to secure an official rank. During this time, he traveled with the army and on Sept. 11 was present for the Battle of Brandywine. As the engagement unfolded, he requested permission to take Washingtons bodyguard detachment to scout the American right. In doing so, he found that General Sir William Howe was attempting to flank Washingtons position. Later in the day, with the battle going poorly, Washington empowered Pulaski to gather available forces to cover the American retreat. Effective in this role, the Pole mounted a key charge which aided in holding back the British. In recognition of his efforts, Pulaski was made brigadier general of cavalry on Sept. 15. The first officer to oversee the Continental Armys horse, he became the Father of the American Cavalry. Though only consisting of four regiments, he immediately began devising a new set of regulations and training for his men. As the Philadelphia Campaign continued, he alerted Washington to the British movements that resulted in the abortive Battle of the Clouds on Sept. 15. This saw Washington and Howe briefly meet near Malvern, PA before torrential rains halted the fighting. The following month, Pulaski played a role at the Battle of Germantown on Oct. 4. In the wake of the defeat, Washington withdrew to winter quarters at Valley Forge. As the army encamped, Pulaski unsuccessfully argued in favor of extending the campaign into the winter months. Continuing his work to reform the cavalry, his men were largely based around Trenton, NJ. While there, he aided Brigadier General Anthony Wayne in a successful engagement against the British at Haddonfield, NJ in February 1778. Despite Pulaskis performance and a commendation from Washington, the Poles imperious personality and poor command of English led to tensions with his American subordinates. This was reciprocated due to late wages and Washingtons denial of Pulaskis request to create a unit of lancers. As a result, Pulaski asked to be relieved of his post in March 1778. Pulaski Cavalry Legion Later in the month, Pulaski met with Major General Horatio Gates in Yorktown, VA and shared his idea of creating an independent cavalry and light infantry unit. With Gates aid, his concept was approved by Congress and he was permitted to raise a force of 68 lancers and 200 light infantry. Establishing his headquarters at Baltimore, MD, Pulaski began recruiting men for his Cavalry Legion. Conducting rigorous training through the summer, the unit was plagued by a lack of financial support from Congress. As a result, Pulaski spent his own money when necessary to outfit and equip his men. Ordered to southern New Jersey that fall, part of Pulaskis command was badly defeated by Captain Patrick Ferguson at Little Egg Harbor on Oct. 15. This saw the Poles men surprised as they suffered more than 30 killed before rallying. Riding north, the Legion wintered at Minisink. Increasingly unhappy, Pulaski indicated to Washington that he planned to return to Europe. Interceding, the American commande r convinced him to stay and in February 1779 the Legion received orders to move to Charleston, SC. In the South Arriving later that spring, Pulaski and his men were active in the defense of the city until receiving orders to march to Augusta, GA in early September. Rendezvousing with Brigadier General Lachlan McIntosh, the two commanders led their forces towards Savannah in advance of the main American army led by Major General Benjamin Lincoln. Reaching the city, Pulaski won several skirmishes and established contact with Vice Admiral Comte dEstaings French fleet which was operating offshore. Commencing the Siege of Savannah on September 16, the combined Franco-American forces assaulted the British lines on Oct. 9. In the course of the fighting, Pulaski was mortally wounded by grapeshot while leading a charge forward. Removed from the field, he was taken aboard the privateer Wasp which then sailed for Charleston. Two days later Pulaski died while at sea. Pulaskis heroic death made him a national hero and a large monument was later erected in his memory in Savannahs Monterey Square. Sources NPS: Count Casimir PulaskiPolish-American Center: Casimir PulaskiNNDB: Casimir Pulaski

Post-Communist Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Post-Communist Countries - Essay Example According to the essay "Post-Communist Countries" findings, the United States could not intervene knowing how aggressive Russia was and could end up turning on to America. But the U.S president in 2005, George W. Bush, encouraged Mr. Saakashvili to continue with his plans and take heart. Georgian and Russian relations had been on the rocks from the time Russia assisted Ossetia to break away from Georgian rule. This relationship could not be mended since Russia saw Georgia as a threat because Georgia was the only former soviet state willing to stand against Russia in the face of war. The war between these two countries contributed the good relationship that Russia and Georgia have now. Both countries have also experienced good economic balancing due to their ability to produce oil which is an import resource which attracts the west. Countries like the US have also reaped from this peaceful conditions leading to prosperity. Moreover, Poland and the US have also shared good political re lations. In 2007, the US had plans to construct an anti-ballistic missile defense in Poland. However, Russia perceived this as a threat and reacted by testing intercontinental ballistic missile. Irrespective of these countries size, Poland had the highest population density followed by Bulgaria. Ironically, Russia had the least population density something that can be traced to its economic power. From this data, it is evident that countries with the highest population densities suffered economically.

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions - Research Paper Example The above practice would help in enhancing the applicability of the human resources practices to help in meeting the needs of the personnel employed in different multinational organizations. The cultural dimensions as generated by the cultural scientist, Geert Hofstede are generated based on the cultural dimensions model which is elucidated as follows. The parameter of individualism or collectivism as generated by Hofstede evaluates the culture of a region based on individualistic and collectivist attributes. People dwelling in regions governed by collectivist approaches operate in a close cultural setting that reflects mutual care and understanding for each other. The collectivist countries also reflect honor for the existing cultural and social norms. On the other hand the regions governed or based on individualistic cultures reflect individuals that tend to take decisions in an independent fashion by not taking into consideration the needs and views of other members in a social group. Thus, decisions though taken by individuals based on social norms are loosely knit to each other thereby affecting the existing social fabric (Piepenburg, 2011). Uncertainty Avoidance tends to be the second dimension of culture as identified by Hofstede. This dimension tends to evaluate the level to which the individuals or groups relating to a specific region avoid the emergence of unforeseen events and unidentified situations. In that a certain level of risk or feelings of being threatened by the upcoming changes requires the individuals to operate based on specific code of conduct that would help in demarcating and governing their actions to achieve stated objectives. Thus, countries reflecting high uncertainty avoidance fail to considerably explore to identify new dimensions or areas of growth and opportunity (The Hofstede Centre , n.d. ). The Power Distance (PD) is identified as the third dimension in the cultural

Limitations Of Biometrics

Limitations Of Biometrics This paper focuses on the limitations of biometrics and demonstrates how the theory of cancellable biometrics can mitigate such limitations. Cancellable biometrics gives biometric systems, theoretically, the ability to re-issue biometric signals. Thus, if a biometric database is ever compromised, the biometric image can be re-set. Our team believes that cancellable biometrics should be a best practice when utilizing biometric technologies. This paper begins with a background of biometric technologies, the global biometric market, and general limitations of biometrics. The main body focuses on the background, concepts, and function of cancellable biometrics offered as a solution for some of the limitations addressed. Finally, an analysis of cancellable biometrics advantages and disadvantages concludes our paper. What is Biometrics? To define biometrics, you can look at the Greek translation. Bios translates to life and metric translates to measurement. This leads to a direct translation of biometrics to life measurement. (Biometric Definition-What, 2005) Biometrics is a technique for identification of people that uses body characteristics or behavioral traits and is increasingly being used instead of or in conjunction with other forms of identification based on something you have (e.g. ID card) or something you know (e.g. password or PIN). (8.5 Biometrics) The direct Greek translation of life measurement is fitting because biometrics looks to measure physical or behavioral traits of a human for identification purposes. There are two types of biometrics: behavioral and physical. Behavioral biometrics measures the characteristics that an individual naturally acquires over the span of their lifetime. Examples of this technology include speaker recognition, signature verification, and keystroke verification. Physical biometrics measures the physical characteristics and body measurements of an individual. Examples of this technology include facial recognition, iris and retinal scan fingerprinting, and DNA typing (Biometric Definition-What, 2005). There are also two modes that biometrics can operate in: verification and identification. Verification is used to validate a person against who they claim or present themselves to be. It is a one to one match between the acquired template of the individual and a stored template for matching. This mode relies on individuals entering their biometric information into the system prior to trying to gain access to it (8.5 Biometrics). Identification is the process of trying to figure out who an individual is. This involves a comparison of the individual to a list of templates stored in the database. (Yun, 2003) Physical biometrics can be used for either verification or identification while behavioral biometrics is typically only used for verification purposes. (Biometric Definition-What, 2005) The History of Biometrics Biometrics seems to be a modern day technology, but its concept was actually applied as far back as the fourteenth century. Chinese merchants used fingerprinting during the fourteenth century to identify children (Osborn, 2005). In 1890, Alphonse Bertillon developed a form of biometrics known as anthropometrics. Anthropometrics is a method of identifying individuals based on precise measurements of their body and physical descriptions. This method fell out of use when it was discovered that multiple individuals could share the same body measurements. (Biometrics History, 2006) Early in the 20th century, an applied mathematician named Karl Pearson used statistical history and correlation to biometrics research. Signature biometric authentication was developed during the 1960s and 1970s, marking a huge breakthrough in behavioral biometrics. (Osborn, 2005) Also during this time, the FBI pushed for automating their fingerprint recognition process. This automation was the start of modern day biometrics, a combination of the biometrics process with information technology. During the 2001 Superbowl in Tampa, Florida, face recognition software was installed at the stadium to identify known criminals. (Biometrics History, 2006) Post 9/11 terrorist attacks, there was a huge push by the U.S. government to implement biometrics on a large scale. The government began installing facial recognition hardware and software in airports to identify suspected terrorists. (Osborn, 2005) Generic Biometric System While there are many biometric technologies in use today, and many more being invested in and researched on, they all share a similar process flow (Yun, 2003). The following image is a basic block diagram of a biometric system: Source: (Yun, 2003) The process always starts with some type of sensor device. This is what captures the biometric information. The capture information is then sent through a processing phase. Here the information is cleaned up, noise is removed, and the important data is enhanced. The processed data is then put together to form a template. A template is what represents the biometric data within the system. If its the first time the individual is using the system, the template is stored within the system. Otherwise, the generated template is compared against an already stored template during the matching process. If the biometric technology is operating in a verification mode, the generated template is matched against a specific stored template. If the technology is operating in an identification mode, the generated template is matched against a list of stored templates. If the matching process yields a positive match, then the individual is granted access to the application device. (Yun, 2003) Current Global Biometric Market It is important to consider the prevalence of biometrics. Although it may seem futuristic, biometrics is being used in countries all over the world. According to Prabhakar, Pankanti, and Jain, biometric applications fall into three main categories: commercial, government, and forensic. The commercial category includes applications used in e-commerce, banking, and social networking sites. Governments use biometrics for drivers licenses, immigration control, and e-passports. Forensic applications include devices used in criminal investigation and prisoner identity control. (Prabhakar, Pankanti, Jain, 2003) According to BCC research, the global biometric revenue increased from $1.950 billion in 2006 to $2.7 billion in 2007. The compound annual growth rate from 2007 to 2012 was expected to be 21.3% (The Global Biometrics Market, 2007). As you can see from the figure below, the biometric technology being used ranges from fingerprint scanners, leading the market, to hand geometry scanners. The market statistics above were derived in 2007. As a means for comparison, our group thought it best to obtain market research from at least one more source. According to a more recent article, issued by homeland security newswire on January 18, 2011, the market is expected to grow at 18.9% per year until 2015, bringing estimated global revenue from biometrics up to $12 billion in 2015. Fingerprint technologies will still dominate the market, with face, iris, vein, voice recognition following (Biometrics market expected, 2011). BCC assumed a 21.3% annual growth rate, which would have made 2011 expected revenue around $5.8 billion, the actual 2011 global biometric market revenues totaled $5 billion (Biometrics market expected, 2011). The main point is that the global biometrics market has been growing as expected and is expected to grow. Biometric technology offers significant advantages, but there are some limitations that need to be addressed as the biometric market continues to grow. For example, although the US has been the leader of the biometric market, scanning of iris or fingerprints to use ATM machines has not been implemented due to privacy and expense concerns. (Biometric ATMs not, 2005) One of the major limitations is the issue of privacy. The issue of privacy and other limitations, if not resolved, may continue to prevent the biometric market growth as seen by Americans lack of biometric ATM machines. The following section will discuss limitations of generic biometric systems Limitations of Biometrics An obvious issue with biometrics is costs. The table below was derived from the product offerings of a leading biometrics supplier, digitalPersona, Inc., using the framework from their whitepaper on best practices. This chart includes all aspects of a typical authentication system. As you can see the cost of biometric technology hardware and software is expensive in itself and costs for training, design, maintenance, and security will also be incurred. Category Details Cost Time Training Users, administrators $100-$1,500 per user 1 hour 5 days Design Ensure compatibility with other systems $1,000-$4,000 1 day 10 days Installation Hardware and software purchases/configure $3,000-$50,000 10 days 30 days User enrollment Acquisition of biometrics $50-$175 per user .75 hr Maintenance Add/modify users $25-$200 per instance 0.5 hr Security Extra safeguards within system to ensure privacy $500-$20,000 1 day 10 days Source: (Best Practices, 2009) Another area of concern with biometrics is the fact that once a biometric image has been leaked or obtained by an unauthorized source, that image is no longer secure for use with any application (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). Authentication tools, such as passwords, keys, and identification cards have always been easily cancellable and renewable, but biometrics have been a concern because users only have, in general, one face, two eyes, one set of fingerprints, etc. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). Although it is difficult to do, determined data thieves can extract biometric images and put them to improper use, rendering stolen images useless in terms of security. The figure below demonstrates eight vulnerabilities of ordinary biometric systems. Source: (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). Figure www.fidis.netOnce original biometric data is obtained, reproduction can easily be achieved. Attacks around the sensor may include inputting fake or copied biometric signal (point 1) or using a copy of a genuine biometric, tape with fingerprint, to bypass the sensor (point 2) (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). The other parts of the system, feature extraction method (points 3 and 4), the matching device and decision (points 4 and 8), the database that holds the biometric images (point 6), and the communication channel between database and matcher (point 7), are much harder to attack, but if successfully breached will result in the theft or alteration of biometric templates which cannot be replaced (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). The biggest disadvantage of biometrics is that biometric data cannot be changed or reset. For example, if a password is stolen, a new password can be created. However, if a biometric characteristic is stolen from a database, a new biometric characteristic cannot be issued. Thus, if a biometric database is compromised, that biometric used for authentication purposes cannot be used again. Finally, there is a huge privacy concern, as seen with the USs delay of implementing ATMs with biometric systems. The uniqueness of biometric data raises this concern. There is already an enormous amount of data being collected by social networking sites, employers, the government, retail stores, medical centers, etc., Each entity may identify someone with data that can either be changed or is not solely unique to them, such as an email address or a name (Joe Smith). Thus, if the government wanted information from a retail store about a particular person, they may not be able to determine, from the retailers database, whether it is Joe Smith from California or Joe Smith from Arkansas. Currently to make data sharing possible, data would have to be paired with more data in order to identify the right person and then share information about that person between entities. This idea of data sharing among entities produces a fear in some people with regards to the use of biometrics because biometric data is completely unique to a person. If all these entities have biometric data, data unique to just one individual, all the entities could share data in their databases (cross-matching). For example, data collected by private company can be matched with the governments data. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001) One solution to this privacy concern is cancellable biometrics (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). Cancellable biometrics allows authentication biometric signals to be re-set if a database is every compromised. Basically, cancellable biometrics distorts a biometric signal based on a certain transform during enrollment, and continues to distort it the same way for every presentation and authentication thereafter (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). If biometric data is ever stolen, a new transform is used and re-enrollment is allowed (Gaddam, Lal, 2010). The following sections further explain cancellable biometrics and how it can mitigate the risks of biometric systems vulnerabilities. History of Cancellable Biometrics The study and research around cancellable biometrics is relatively new with most research beginning around the turn of the 21st century. Although many have contributed to the field, several publications, including the Encyclopedia of Biometrics (2009) and The Journal of the Pattern Recognition Society credit Nalini Ratha with the concepts that led to the creation of cancellable biometrics (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). Cancellable biometrics was conceptualized as a way to address the potential downsides and security concerns of ordinary biometrics. In order to prevent the preclusion of a biometric image, cancellable biometrics was created. The goal of cancellable biometrics is to provide biometric authentication that is not only unique to an individual, but one that also has the ability to be changed. Cancellable biometrics does not provide extra security around biometrically authenticated systems, but does provide a way to avoid losing the ability to use biometrics as an authentication m ethod. As its name suggests, cancellable biometrics allows a biometric template to be cancelled and replaced with a new image that is based on the same biometric data, resulting in one of many possible permutations (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). According to the Encyclopedia of Biometrics (2009), cancellable biometrics allows biometric images to be reset by encoding each biometric image with a different distortion scheme for each application that uses the image (Lee Jain, 2009). In order to assure the security of each permutated biometric image, a unique distortion scheme must be used for each unique application (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). The use of a distortion scheme creates an image for storage in a database that is not an exact match to the original biometric measure, therefore changing the image is as easy as changing the distortion scheme. Next we will discuss the concepts behind cancellable biometrics that are used to increase the security of biometric authentication and to keep biometric data unique. The Concepts Behind Cancellable Biometrics There are three criteria that a cancellable biometric template must meet in order to be useful and secure: (1) each cancellable template must be used for only one application, (2) the revocation and reissue procedures must be straightforward, and (3) the template computation must not be able to be reversed in order to protect the original biometric data. These three steps may also be referred to as diversity, reusability, and one-way transformation, respectively (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). Using the same biometric template for multiple applications exposes data to the same threats that using the same password for multiple applications would. If an unauthorized user gains access to one application, access can be achieved to all applications that use the same template. When using one template for multiple applications, no matter how strong the security is for the strongest application, the security of all the applications with the same authorization template is only as strong as the weakest link. Addressing the second criteria, that revocation and reissue procedures must be straightforward, is as it says, straightforward. Without a straightforward way to cancel and reissue a biometric template, biometric data is subject to interception and physical alteration (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). The third criterion, that the computation of the template not be reversible, is also meant to protect the integrity and the identity of the original biometric data (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008). If a computation can be reversed, and the original biometric data is revealed, the biometric measurement will be useless and unsecure. A popular method for creating non-invertible biometric data is to use a hashing function. Due to the unique characteristics of individual biometric data, there are several guidelines that a hashing function must take into account when creating non-invertible data. For example, regarding fingerprint data, Tulyakov, Mansukhani, Govindaraju, and Farooq (2007) suggest that hashing functions should have similar hash values for similar fingerprints, different values for fingerprints that are different, that the rotation of a fingerprint should not affect the hash value, and that, if sufficient minutiae is available, partial fingerprints should be matched. Minutiae refer to uniquely identifiable points on a set of fingerprints (Tulyakov, Farooq, Mansukhani, Govindaraju, 2007). Within cancellable biometrics there are two distortion techniques that are widely recognized, signal domain distortion and feature domain distortion. What signal and feature domain distortion basically provide are ways to either distort a biometric image directly after acquisition or extract features from a biometric image, such as minutiae, and then distort the features, respectively (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). Signal domain distortion creates an independent image to be registered by a biometric reader, but still provides landmarks that can be compared to the original image, e.g. points on a persons face or eyes, for authentication. Feature domain distortion extracts template features and scrambles them, providing a sufficient technique for biometric measurements, such as fingerprints, which would be difficult to preserve accurate minutiae and a similar image (Lee Jain, 2009). How it works: Cancellable biometrics is achieved when a normal biometrics pattern is modified before it is stored in an intentional and repeatable method. This change in the pattern can be initiated by several methods, however this topic is still in development and a single industry best practice has not yet been distilled. Instead of the actual values from the biometric sensor being stored, a value that is the combination of the modifier and the sensors reading is stored. In the case that the biometrics is impersonated or the database is compromised, the modifier can be changed and the user can be authenticated with the system. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001) Modifiers can be anything from a random number, a personal identification number, or even another biometric reading. The combination of these two items, similar to two-factor authentication, can create a unique key that uses both an individually unique value with the independent but derived from the biometric. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001) Once the biometric reader scans the individual, an algorithm is applied to the value. This transformation can happen in either the scanning device or post-processed within the computer system before it is validated against the record within the database. These readers can be hardware devices that connect to a computer network or appliances which are self-contained. After successful verification of credentials the user is granted authentication. (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001) Demo: use ppt slides to explain the images and how they are distorted and stored for cancellable biometrics. Advantages of Cancellable Biometrics Different entities and different applications use different transforms for the same signals. This prevents the sharing between databases of different entities (Gaddam, Lal, 2010). For example, a law enforcement agency will use one transform for a fingerprint scan, and a commercial entity will use a different transform for the same fingerprint scan. This idea of diversity makes cross-matching impossible. As seen in the figure below, the merchant takes the biometric data from the customer and compares it to a transform from one of the transform databases associated with a particular service (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). This should ease privacy concerns as different transforms are held in different databases per entity. Source: (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001) Also, the authentication server never stores original biometrics (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). The benefit is that the risk of identity theft is significantly reduced because the transforms are non-invertible. Even if a hacker accessed a template database, there would be no way for he/she to figure out the original biometric. The reusability feature, described in the section titled The Concepts Behind Cancellable Biometrics of this paper, protects the biometric authentication process from becoming obsolete. If cancellable biometrics did not offer re-usability and data continually was compromised, theoretically, people would start to run out of body parts to use. Limitations of Cancellable Biometrics Cancellable biometrics is not the solution to all of the limitations of biometrics. Cancellable biometrics provides a solution for privacy concerns and resetting issues related to biometrics. However, it does not decrease the enormous cost associated with biometrics. Also, it does not prevent the use of a copied biometric signal (Ratha, Connell, Bolle, 2001). For example, if someone found a way to obtain a copy of a fingerprint and used that copy of the genuine biometric to access a system/account/place etc., matching could be possible and access could be granted. Cancellable biometrics prevents identity theft by the use of non-invertible transforms and it increases privacy by preventing data sharing among entities because original biometric data is never stored, it doesnt prevent people from using copies of genuine biometrics. As discussed in the section Limitations of Biometrics, biometric systems are subject to attack. Cancellable biometrics does not prevent an attack, however, i f a biometric database or other parts of the system are compromised, a new transform can be used for the authentication process and the hacker will not be able to obtain the original biometric. Thus it mitigates the damage, but not the risk of attack. Another limitation of cancellable biometrics is the trade-off of higher protection for higher error rates. The invertible feature increases protection of original data, but causes a decrease in recognition accuracy (Cheung, Kong, Zhang, Kamel, You, Lam). This may lead to a higher false rejection rate. A higher false rejection rate is inefficient and costly. Conclusion: The global biometric market is expected to continue growing. However, limitations of generic biometric systems may inhibit the market growth from its full potential. General limitations of generic biometric systems include enormous costs, fake enrollment, physical copies bypassing sensors, attacks on the system parts and/or database, threat to privacy of individuals, and failure to reset biometrics. Cancellable biometrics provides a solution to some of generic biometric system limitations. With cancellable biometrics, a biometric template must have three criteria: (1) each cancellable template must be used for only one application, (2) the revocation and reissue procedures must be straightforward, and (3) the template computation must not be able to be reversed in order to protect the original biometric data. These three criteria, also known as diversity, reusability, and one-way transformation (Teoh, Kuan, Lee, 2008), disallow data-sharing among entities, protect the overall biomet rics from becoming obsolete, and prevent a hacker from obtaining genuine biometrics. Our team believes that due to the demand for biometrics in general, cancellable biometrics has a potential market. IBM has been researching and developing cancellable biometrics. According to an article off IBMs website, Helping enhance security and protect identities, several large banks have been talking with IBM about the use of cancellable biometrics. Cancellable biometrics also is applicable to sectors of the government like the IRS, Social Security administration, and law enforcement organizations (Helping enhance security-). Thus, cancellable biometrics may evolve from research and development into a marketable tool that may refresh the global biometrics market. Work Cited 8.5 Biometrics. University of Leicester. 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